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While popular accounts of warfare, particularly of nontraditional conflicts such as guerrilla wars and insurgencies, favor the roles of leaders or ideology, social-scientific analyses of these wars focus on aggregate categories such as ethnic groups, religious affiliations, socioeconomic classes, or civilizations. Challenging these constructions, Abdulkader H. Sinno closely examines the fortunes of the various factions in Afghanistan, including the mujahideen and the Taliban, that have been fighting each other and foreign armies since the 1979 Soviet invasion. Focusing on the organization of the combatants, Sinno offers a new understanding of the course and outcome of such conflicts. Employing a wide range of sources, including his own fieldwork in Afghanistan and statistical data on conflicts across the region, Sinno contends that in Afghanistan, the groups that have outperformed and outlasted their opponents have done so because of their successful organization. Each organization's ability to mobilize effectively, execute strategy, coordinate efforts, manage disunity, and process information depends on how well its structure matches its ability to keep its rivals at bay. Centralized organizations, Sinno finds, are generally more effective than noncentralized ones, but noncentralized ones are more resilient absent a safe haven. Sinno's organizational theory explains otherwise puzzling behavior found in group conflicts: the longevity of unpopular regimes, the demise of popular movements, and efforts of those who share a common cause to undermine their ideological or ethnic kin. The author argues that the organizational theory applies not only to Afghanistan-where he doubts the effectiveness of American state-building efforts-but also to other ethnic, revolutionary, independence, and secessionist conflicts in North Africa, the Middle East, and beyond.

Low-intensity conflicts (Military science) --- Organizational behavior --- Intergroup relations --- Afghanistan --- History --- Conflict, Intergroup --- Intergroup conflict --- Relations, Intergroup --- Behavior in organizations --- Conflicts, Low-intensity (Military science) --- Low-intensity operations (Military science) --- Low-level conflicts (Military science) --- Operations, Low-intensity (Military science) --- Small wars --- Wars, Small --- Social interaction --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Social psychology --- Limited war --- Soviet Union

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It has long been assumed that the historical legacy of Soviet Communism would have an important effect on post-communist states. However, prior research has focused primarily on the institutional legacy of communism. Communism's Shadow instead turns the focus to the individuals who inhabit post-communist countries, presenting a rigorous assessment of the legacy of communism on political attitudes.Post-communist citizens hold political, economic, and social opinions that consistently differ from individuals in other countries. Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua Tucker introduce two distinct frameworks to explain these differences, the first of which focuses on the effects of living in a post-communist country, and the second on living through communism. Drawing on large-scale research encompassing post-communist states and other countries around the globe, the authors demonstrate that living through communism has a clear, consistent influence on why citizens in post-communist countries are, on average, less supportive of democracy and markets and more supportive of state-provided social welfare. The longer citizens have lived through communism, especially as adults, the greater their support for beliefs associated with communist ideology-the one exception being opinions regarding gender equality.A thorough and nuanced examination of communist legacies' lasting influence on public opinion, Communism's Shadow highlights the ways in which political beliefs can outlast institutional regimes.

POST-COMMUNISM--EUROPE, EASTERN --- EUROPE, EASTERN--SOCIAL CONDITIONS --- EUROPE, EASTERN--ECONOMIC CONDITIONS --- EUROPE, EASTERN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT --- Post-communism --- Post-communism - Europe, Eastern --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / Communism, Post-Communism & Socialism. --- Leninist regimes. --- Soviet Communism. --- Soviet Union. --- Soviet communism. --- adult communist exposure. --- aggregate-level data. --- analyses. --- anti-democratic attitudes. --- attitudinal change. --- attitudinal convergence. --- attitudinal differences. --- childhood communist exposure. --- communism. --- communist education. --- communist ideology. --- communist legacies. --- communist message. --- communist regime. --- communist regimes. --- communist rhetoric. --- communist socialization effects. --- communist socialization project. --- democracy. --- democratic deficit. --- democratic support. --- democratic values. --- developmental differences. --- economic performance. --- economic principles. --- exposure. --- fleeting legacies. --- gender equality. --- generational replacement. --- institutional regime. --- intensity. --- legacy effects. --- market economics. --- markets. --- methodological approach. --- methodology. --- political beliefs. --- political performance. --- post-communist citizens. --- post-communist countries. --- post-communist politics. --- post-communist states. --- pro-gender equality. --- resistance. --- social welfare. --- state responsibility. --- survey data. --- temporal resilience. --- temporary divergence. --- welfare state.

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The United Nations is in need of reform. There has always been widespread agreement that this is the case – indeed throughout the 60-year history of the Organization. Differences over the best cure reflect the political confrontation between its 191 member states. The institution has been criticized to lack legitimacy, to need accountability and to be inefficient with a bloated bureaucracy. Recently, allegations of mismanagement and corruption in the Oil-for-Food Program have led to a crisis of confidence. The public debate followed reform initiatives for enlarging the Security Council, achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and establishing new collective mechanisms to protect human rights, counter terrorism and respond to crimes against humanity. Strengthening oversight, governance and management practices aimed at introducing fundamental institutional changes. The publication describes the reform process leading to the United Nations Summit in September 2005. The achievements remain disappointing with the failure to approve a grand bargain. A number of recommendations are put forward to facilitate the reform process in the United Nations, realising, however, that this will remain cumbersome and a lengthy step-by-step effort.

United Nations -- Finance. --- United Nations -- Management. --- United Nations -- Reform. --- United Nations Human Rights Council. --- United States -- Foreign relations. --- Treaties, International --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- United Nations --- Reform. --- Management. --- UN --- UNO --- ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM. --- Hervormingen. --- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. --- ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE. --- Verenigde Naties. --- DEVELOPMENT. --- HUMAN RIGHTS. --- INTERNATIONAL SECURITY. --- IRAQ. --- PEACE ENFORCEMENT. --- PEACEBUILDING. --- PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS. --- PETROLEUM REVENUES. --- POVERTY MITIGATION. --- SANCTIONS. --- Reforma administrativa. --- Nações Unidas (ONU), --- Nations Unies --- Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme. --- Millennium Summit (2000 : New York) --- UN Millennium Project. --- UN. High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. --- UN. Human Rights Council. --- UN. Secretary-General. --- UN. Security Council --- Vereinte Nationen --- administração. --- Gestion. --- Réforme. --- Organizational reform. --- 2005 World Summit Outcome. --- Millennium Development Goals. --- Naciones Unidas --- ONU --- Organisation des Nations Unies --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Obʺedinennykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- OON --- Vereinigte Nationen --- Umot ha-meʼuḥadot --- Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych --- ONZ --- Forente nasjoner --- Forenede nationer --- FN --- Förenta nationerna --- Gaertʻianebuli erebi --- Organização das Nações Unidas --- PBB --- Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa --- Kokusai Rengō --- Kokuren --- ENSZ --- Egyesült Nemzetek Szövetsége --- Birleșmiș Milletler Teșkilâtı --- Birlăşmiş Millătăr Tăşkilatı --- Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti --- BMT --- YK --- Yhdistyneet kansakunnat --- OUN --- Organizacija Ujedinjenih Nacija --- NU --- Nazioni Unite --- OSN --- Organizace spojených národů --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttafiq --- Bangsa² Bersatu --- Organización de las Naciones Unidas --- Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon --- ÜRO --- Organismos tōn Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Umoja wa Mataifa --- Vereinten Nationen --- Hayʼat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- Verenigde Naties --- VN --- Organizația Națiunilor Unite --- Um --- Lien ho kuo --- OKB --- Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara --- Lian he guo --- U.N. --- Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- OĒE --- Hēnōmena Ethnē --- Organizácia Spojených Národov --- Sahaprachāchāt --- Națiunile Unite --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ na obedinenite nat︠s︡ii --- Organismos Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Manẓūmat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- AAN --- Arhanizatsyi︠a︡ Ab'i︠a︡dnanykh Natsyĭ --- Nações Unidas --- Orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Ob'i︠e︡dnanykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- O.Ē.E. --- ʻOngkān Sahaprachāchāt --- Sjuninejal Konob'laq --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Nėgdsėn U̇ndėstniĭ Baĭguullaga --- NUB --- Rāshṭrasaṃgha --- או״מ --- أمم المتحدة --- الأمم المتحدة --- سازمان ملل متحد --- 国際連合 --- 联合囯 --- 聯合國 --- United Nations Organization --- Liên Hiệp Quó̂c --- Liên Hợp Quó̂c --- LHQ --- Kula Samagga --- YūʼAṅʻnʻ --- 联合国 --- Организация на обединените нации --- Организация Объединённых Наций --- Security, International --- National security --- Conflict management --- Human rights --- Sécurité internationale --- Sécurité nationale --- Gestion des conflits --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- International cooperation --- Coopération internationale --- NATIONS-UNIES --- O.N.U. --- conseil de sécurité --- réforme --- REFORME